فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌ المللی

فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌ المللی

تکمیل نظام حقوقی حاکم بر حمل‌ونقل بین‌المللی توسط عرف‌های فراملی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستخرج از رساله

نویسندگان
مازیار ذبیحی 1
محسن محبی 2
یوسف خرم فرهادی 3
1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات وعلوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیارگروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات وعلوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق وعلوم سیاسی ، واحد چالوس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، چالوس، ایران
10.22034/isj.2021.262444.1330
چکیده
در کنوانسیون‌ها و قطعنامه‌های سازمان‌های بین‌المللی که موضوعشان حقوق حمل‌ونقل بین‌المللی است، تابعان فعال نقش کمتری را در اجرای مقرراتی که خود وضع کرده‌اند دارند. دولت‌ها و سازمان‌های بین‌الدولی در راستای نیاز جامعه حمل‌ونقل این مقررات را تصویب کرده و از جهتی سعی در به نظم درآوردن و یکپارچه‌سازی آن‌ها دارند. این مقررات با عرف‌های فراملی تکمیل می‌شوند و این عرف‌ها معاهدات و قطعنامه‌ها را بدون هیچ تغییری قابل ملاحظه‌ای، شکل‌دهی می‌کنند. در این مقاله سؤال اصلی ما این است که عرف‌های فراملی تابعان منفعل، چگونه باعث تکمیل کنوانسیون‌هایی می‌شوند که تابعان فعال وضع کرده‌اند؟ زوایای حقوقی عدم مطابقت عرف‌های فراملی با کنوانسیون‌ها و قطعنامه‌های حمل‌ونقلی و نیز تأثیری که در تفسیر و تضمین اجرای معاهدات حمل‌ونقل دارند را با شیوه توصیفی و تحلیلی مورد بررسی قرار دادیم و در پایان به این نتیجه رسیدیم که میزان امری بودن معاهده یا قطع‌نامه اجازه به ‌وجود آمدن عرف مؤخر یا ثانوی را می‌دهد، شکل‌گیری عرف مؤخر امری اجتناب‌ناپذیر است و نقش مثبتی را هم در احراز مسؤولیت و ضمانت اجرا خواهد داشت.
کلیدواژه‌ها
حمل‌ونقل بین‌المللی
سازمان‌های بین‌الدولی
عرف فراملی
قطع نامه‌ها
معاهدات
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The Completion of the Legal System Governing International Transportation by Transnational Customs

نویسندگان English

Maziar Zabihi 1
Mohsen Mohebi 2
Yosof Khorramfarhadi 3
1 PhD, of Public International Law Dep.,, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Prof, Department of public and International law, Faculty of Divinity, Political Science and Law, Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof, Department of public and International law, College of Law and Political Science, Chaloos Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos, Iran
چکیده English

In the conventions and resolutions of international organizations that deal with international transportation rights, active subjects play a lesser role in enforcing the regulations they have enacted. Governments and international organizations have adopted these regulations in line with the needs of the transportation community and are working to streamline and integrate them. These regulations are complemented by transnational customs, which form treaties and resolutions without any noticeable change. In this article, our main question is how the transnational customs of passive subjects complement the conventions laid down by active subjects. We examined the legal aspects of the non-compliance of transnational customs with the conventions and resolutions of transportation, as well as their effect on the interpretation and guarantee of the implementation of transport treaties, in a descriptive and analytical manner, and conclude that the extent to which a treaty or resolution is enforceable allows for the formation of a later or secondary custom, the formation of a later custom is inevitable, and will play a positive role in fulfilling responsibility and will guarantee.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

International Transport
Intergovernmental Organizations
Transnational Customs
Resolutions
Treaties
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